Definition of Idioms and Collocations Essay Example for Free

Definition of Idioms and Collocations Essay A phrase which has a meaning that is commonly understood by speakers of the language, but whose meaning is often different from the normal meaning of the words is called an idiom. Of the various definitons of ‘idiom’, therr criteria, both semantic and syntactic, emerge as predominant. The first is semantic opacity, or what has come to be known as ‘noncompositionality’, the fact that the meaning of an idiom cannot be deduced from a sum of the meanings of its parts: in this sense, the meaning of an idiom is not ‘motivated’(bussmann 1996: 316). Thus, the meaning od ‘die’ cannot be produced from the sum of ‘kick’ + ‘the’+ ‘bucket’ , or ‘be patient, slow down’ from ‘hold’+ ‘your’+ ‘horses’. No constiluent os an idiom carries independent meaning. The secon criterion relates to the apparent morphological and transformational deficincies od idioms, in not permitting the syntatic variability displayed in other, freer sequences of words; operations such passive ( * the bucket was kicket by Sam), international modification ( * Hold your restless horses), and topicalization ( *The bucket Sam kicked) cannot occour with the idiomatic meaning being retained. The third criterion is the lack of substitutability in idioms, their ‘ lexical integrity’ (Fernando and Flavell 1981:38); synonymous lexical items cannot be substituted in an idiom, as in have a crush on , but not *have a smash on (Bussmann 1996: 216), nor can elements be reversed or deleted. Idioms are, therefore, syntagmatically and paradigmatically fixed (Nuccorini 1990: 418). In addition to these criteria, it has beed observed that idioms belong to an informal register, are figurative or metaphorical in meaning, have homonymous literal counterparts, are often â€Å"instutionalized† (Fernando and Flavell 1981: 17) or proverbial in nature (describling situations of common social interest), and have an affective quality (implying a certain affective stance) ( Nunberg, Sag, and Wasow 1994: 492-93). They are frequentlu nontranstable (Fernando and Flavell 1981 : 81) The term ‘collocation ‘ seems to date back toFirth, who discusses the collocation of ass with silly, obstinate, stupid, and awful (1957: 190-215); in defining the term , Crystal( 1997: 69-70) refers to the habitual cooccurrence of auspicious with occasion, event, sign, an so on, while Carter ( 1987: 57) contrasts the collocation {have, get} pins and needles, which is always plural and nonrever ible, with the free combination pin and needle. Like idioms, collocations are groups of lexical items which repeatedly or typically cooccur, but unlike idioms, their meanings can usually be deduced form the meaning of their parts ( but cf. Bussmann 1996: 81). Collocations are predictable to a greater or lesser degree, with some words having a very narrow collocational range ( e.g., spick, which may occur olny in spick and span) and others having a very wide collocational range ( e.g. , clean, which can occur in a wide variety of strrucures and phrases). Carter notes that the (near) synonymus putrid/rancid/addled/rotten have restrictions on the range of their collocability ( putrid fish and rancid butter, though not the reverse), but he also obseres that ranges are not entirely fixed but can be extended ( rotten fruit,though also perhaps rotten fish/eggs).

Developments of West End Musical Scene

Developments of West End Musical Scene Discuss the recent developments in the west end musical scene; this should include an analysis of the mega-musical mania, the trend to create new musicals based on existing songs (song migration) and stage transfers of successful films. From Sophocles through William Shakespeare to Eminem, writers have sought to use the rhythms of language to accentuate the story they are seeking to share. The pre-Caxton society relied on an oral tradition to deliver stories of fact and fiction. Cultures spanning the entire globe and all ages of civilization have instinctively adopted musical storytelling; it is prominent in various forms even now – be it around a camp fire, at a tribal ceremony, an inner city playground or on a West End stage. In todays world, language and music are at our fingertips. They are both instantaneous. And they can be married in a second. Technically, music is intricate. Most writers will say the same about language. But in an inspired moment they can conjoin and express something wonderful both sonically and linguistically. The act of constructing such a moment can be the end result of many less fruitful moments – but there is always the chance that it could just happen instantaneously. Our logistical minds tell us that it just is not possible; that we would never be able to express ourselves beautifully and eloquently in musical form. And yet the compulsion to try and do so has arrested most people, even if only for a quickly aborted solitary moment. So perhaps here lies the fascination with musicals. They show life as we know it happily residing in an alternate reality – where music and language are easy bed partners and everything goes to extremes. Or does it? The West End is one of Londons most popular tourist attractions. It has built its reputation, in tandem with New Yorks Broadway, as the commercial mecca of musical theatre. Las Vegas has the showgirls but Broadway and the West End share the showtunes. Indeed, while their identities are undeniably distinct, the relationship between them is close; same sex twins rather than identical ones. Each has their own nuances of behaviour – the younger twin Broadway hunts that bit more keenly for the next off-beat musical whirlwind; the older West End plays percentages but plays them with palpable success. The term West End was originally coined as a geographical short cut – a way of describing a part of London synonymous with theatre. Since its inception into London vernacular the phrase West End has mutated to describe something meta-geographical. While once upon a time it merely represented an actual place, now it also describes the gateway to an invented world of glitz, glamour and show. The West End may still be the home of theatre, but the kind of theatre that it houses has become very easily classifiable. The listings do not lie. And neither do they try to. The West End is a haven for small ideas done big; big names, big shows, big spectacles, big budgets, big risks. The social and artistic significance of theatre as an art form has not suffered in the time since the West End theatres were constructed. But the immediacy of rival entertainments, chiefly television and film, has undoubtedly provided so comfortable an alternative for the borderline theatregoing public that its popularity has. Ultimately, the publics relationship with theatre has somewhat inverted itself; once the entertainment of the people, theatre has become high-brow, elitist, exclusive even. Or so we are led to believe. Every year the people entrusted with running the countrys theatres are ensconced in attempts to make theatre more accessible. Nicholas Hytner at the National Theatre has incorporated a sponsorship deal with Travelex with the express purpose of enabling its shows to be available to people for as little as  £10 a ticket. Theatrical output is continuing to diversify in new directions. The National Theatre still produces the time-honoured classics that will appease their traditional supporters. But they also invited outside companies including Theatre de Complicite, Improbable, Shunt and Kneehigh to co-develop their new work. Arts Council funding dictates a certain amount of programming for in-house producing theatres throughout the country. It is impossible to equate the artistic worth of a proposed project while it exists solely as an outline on a piece of paper. But it is easier to quantify the greater social import of the same project. Therefore the involvement in various local outreach initiatives including young peoples theatre and new writing programmes serves duplicate purposes. But in doing so it runs the risk of wrestling a certain amount of control from the artistic directors, or at least diluting the intent of their work. But the West End is not really concerned with any of this. The theatres are privately owned and have little social obligation. West End theatre is a notoriously unpredictable money market. Make a big success of yourself and you can eventually buy it up – which is exactly what Andrew Lloyd Webber and Cameron Mackintosh have ended up doing. Lloyd Webbers Really Useful Group are the proprietors of twelve of the capitals larger theatres. By January 2006 Delfont Mackintosh will control another seven, and will have begun constructing the Sondheim Theatre – the first theatre to be built on Shaftesbury Avenue since 1931. The long-term plan of Delfont Mackintosh is to refurbish and modernise theatreland. But one cannot help but think that their extreme makeover will be restricted to the facilities and layout – and that the entertainment will remain as traditional as ever. The musical-as-we-know-it grew out of the 19th Century tradition of music hall, which itself was the bastard son of drink and rowdiness. After removing the alcohol from drunken singalongs, and relocating from the pub to theatres, the 1860s saw the popularity of the newly-arrived music hall go from good idea to massively popular entertainment. The humbling beginnings of the musical cannot help but reveal the nucleus of the idea; it was born of accident – of people seeking to have pure, unadulterated entertainment. In that respect, it has no one form; no one philosophy; indeed no real sense of philosophy; no real sense of purpose other than fun, fun, fun! As the musical was developing it was the bastion of popular music of the time. Through Gilbert and Sullivan, Irving Berlin, Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill and Cole Porter, the men and women behind musical were the most revered song writers at work in the Western world. Ten years into the post-war era there was a marked shift. The musical standards that made dry, wry and witty observations about upper middle class were about to be trumped by rock and roll. And John Osbournes 1956 kitchen-sink-drama Look Back In Anger was going to have repercussions outside the world of the well-made play. The birth of transmittable media was only going to swell the amount of music being produced. In the early days of the wireless radio, families gathered to listen to the songs of Ivor Novello or Noel Coward. By the mid-1960s many families had television sets in their front rooms; radio broadcasts were a competitive business; and air transport links had made the world traversable for all those who could afford it. Music was a commodity that could be sent from one side of the world to the other. And in the slipstream of the music were the musicians themselves. Through television and radio, songwriters and musicians had an identity. They became icons – the most celebrated people on the planet. And their music was nowhere near the West End stage. For the first time since their inception musicals were not using the popular music of the time. Rocknroll was being held in musical purgatory by traditionalists unhappy at its low-brow ideals. While cinema was running as fast and far as it could with the concept of the film musical, the stage was seeking to deliver variations on earlier themes. Elvis Presley made numerous musical films – as did The Beatles. In the 1960s the West End was awash with Broadway imports – the influence of Leonard Bernstein, Rodgers and Hammerstein, Lerner and Loewe and other transatlantic success stories was diluting the integrity of the West End as the older brother of the musical. But the psychedelic overtones of that time were to create musical anomalies; while some composers flirted with the conce pt of rock, others werent afraid to dive headlong into its bottomless pit. After its anti-Vietnam stance and inclusion of group nudity caused outrage on Broadway, Hair opened in the West End in 1968. From being the chosen playground of mild-mannered conservatives, the musical was being politicised – and modernised. Within five years, the Age of Aquarius had been further capitalized upon by Godspell, Oh Calcutta and even Jesus Christ Superstar – which proved to be the foundation on which the new dawn of the musical would be built. Todays twin Godfathers of musical composition for Broadway and the West End carry the bright torch of yesteryear; Stephen Sondheim represents his forefathers fascination with the off-beat, with Andrew Lloyd Webber never straying from the musically conservative beat. There are various factors that dictate the recent successes and failures in West End theatre. But the starting point for every West End production is money – a fact beautifully demonstrated by the plot of one of the West Ends most popular current productions The Producers. Essentially, the capitalist dawn that swallowed up free love has made currency the new leading man in musical theatre. Producers need big ideas and big songs to legislate for big budgets. So instead of trying to predict what people may like and creating a musical story around it, the West End decided to reduce the risk and simply take the music that people already like and create a story around that. In some ways the origin of song migration is old revue style shows – popular hits belted out with no real desire to create an accompanying piece of drama or comedy. Coupled with the screen to stage success of musical films like The Lion King, a producer was now able to weigh up potential West End shows safe in the knowledge that a stable of worldwide smash hits could enable a musical to run for years, even with a bad review. Suddenly the sheer bankability of Lloyd Webber was looking like an outlandish risk alongside the music of Abba, Queen or even (the critically lauded but never supergroup status) of Madness. Negotiations are in process for the trend to continue, with Bob Marley, The Beatles and Elton John just some of the musical legends in line to have their songs shoe-horned into some money-spinning stage extravaganza that makes almost no sense at all. Not that the public really care. They want to go and sing-a-long like the pub dwellers of the 1840s that unknowingly help ed begin the process of musical theatre. And who shall we choose to lead the sing-song? Well, preferably someone famous off the telly, of course. The West End is a remarkably lucrative place. For his unscheduled stint in the opening cast run of The Producers at the end of 2004, Nathan Lane was being paid  £42,000 a week for the lead role as Max Bialystock. It is a clear indication of the simple transaction between moneymen and talent; the star name guarantees the box office receipts. The West End has been flooded with stars – some of whom have no musical pedigree – because celebrity is deemed to have finally overridden talent. The good, bad and ugly (in no particular order) of recent years include David Hasselhoff, Martine McCutcheon and Denise Van Outen. And if you dont want to spend money on star names, then youd better be sure to have some seriously impressive stage gimmicks; Miss Saigon famously had a helicopter, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang got in to hot water when the eponymous flying car failed to take off in previews, and Phantom of the Opera has a plunging chandelier moment that will wake up anyone snoozing in the stalls. So with standard tickets averaging out at around  £40, the theatregoer demands a truly amazing experience. But amazing and original are poles apart – and thats why when the formula is right, all you need to do is repeat it. There are exceptions. The Bombitty of Errors was a rap interpretation of Shakespeares Comedy of Errors, and was a small but perfectly-formed global success. Stomp became a phenomenon through gradual word of mouth and because it is a different kind of spectacle. Jerry Springer: The Opera began life as an idea at a scratch night at the Battersea Arts Centre and grabbed the attention of every newspaper and fundamentalist Christian in the Western World. But such shows grow from humble beginnings and are swept away on public curiosity. As in any art form, there are people willing to take risks because they believe their work has a market. Bombay Dreams and The Far Pavilions identify a recently developed appreciation of Asian music and culture. The off-Broadway hit Batboy continues in the tradition of earlier pacesetters The Rocky Horror Picture Show and Hedwig and the Angry Inch for kitsch rock operas. But some of these are accidental intruders in the world of the West End. They werent sure if they were really invited but came anyway. One group that certainly were invited are blockbuster films; whether they have songs in them or not. Seemingly the films dont even have to have been that successful. The Witches of Eastwick had a successful run in the West End. But more than likely, the film will have a readymade audience. The Full Monty was relocated to middle America from Sheffield to make it a Broadway success. Billy Elliott is well into previews, but the advance word is that it will be a significant hit. Or better still, just take a film with songs already in them – you dont stand to make as much money, but the guarantee of an audience is that much stronger. Mary Poppins has been well-received by most, and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is in its third year. There are currently 36 theatres in the West End of Londons theatreland. As of Monday 2 May 2005, 27 are currently housing a production. 17 of those are musicals. This ratio is fairly consistent – and shows no signs of relenting. Essentially a hit West End musical needs a hook; star name, hit songs, hit movie, famous composer, popular revival. Something that can be reduced to a two-word phrase. If you havent got any of those, then heaven help you. Because the West End public certainly wont.

Steps to Overcoming Depression and Developing Healthy Habits

Steps to Overcoming Depression and Developing Healthy Habits Joyce Mae Alyssa R. Mandanas Overcoming depression have three major steps, these includes understanding your depression, improving your life, and developing healthier habits. Introduction â€Å"I have told you these things, so that in me you may have peace. In this world you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world.† John 16:33. This bible verse says that, in our life, we’ll experience a lot of wars, disasters, problems and struggles. Our life isn’t perfect, not all are happy and miserable. God doesn’t wants us feel down, depress or weak. God is just challenging us, that’s why, we are given such problems. Problems that we, ourselves, can solve. We are His sons and daughters, He doesn’t wants us to suffer. But, we are the one who’s giving the reason why we suffer. Just take a look on God’s sacrifices for our sins, it’s like the height of Goliath while our problem is like the height of David, but, He doesn’t give up. He overcome the world. So, it means that, we can solve our problems. Don’t give up. Don’t feel hopeless and depressed, it won’t help you and it ca n’t change everything. Every problem has a solution. God is always with us. Believe, trust, and open our hearts in Him. According to (Kloopers, n.d.), â€Å"Depression is like a black tunnel with no light†. We feel hopeless, unloved, tired, and empty. But, are we just staying on that black tunnel and letting it overrule and destroy our life? Even we know that there’s a hope for every time we feel hopeless, an unconditional love when we feel unloved, and a new beginning for every miserable life. Childbirth, menopause, loss of loved ones, relationship troubles, medical diagnosis, natural disasters, financial difficulties, job problems, genetics and social isolation are life events that cause depression. But despite of those life events, we have steps for overcoming it. Dealing with depression isn’t that easy and quick but also isn’t that hard. It takes a lot of time for us to feel better. A way out for this depression is on ourselves. It needs action and perseverance in order to perform the steps needed for the recovery. Overcoming depression have three major steps, these includes understanding your depression, improving your life, and developing healthier habits. Follow this steps, it will lead us to right way and we will never go wrong. It is definitely challenging because the things that can help you the most are the things that is the most difficult to do. Hard work, patience and perseverance is badly needed. Start by setting small goals, and within that, you’ll build something. It is difficult to do, but it is not impossible. All of your hardships can return to something better. Always think positively so you can go along until you’re recovered already. Overcoming depression have three major steps, these includes understanding your depression, improving your life, and developing healthier habits. Discussion Understanding your depression Understanding your depression is the first major step to overcome depression. You need to recognize first if you are suffering from the symptoms of depression. The following symptoms are: if you feel hopeless, worthless, irritated, tired on everything you do even if it is just simple and easy, and bored on things you love the most. If you eat a lot or lost your appetite, having sleepless nights or excessive sleep, choosing to be alone rather than having social interaction with others and thinking of suicide. If you are experiencing these symptoms, you are prone to depression (Serendipitee, Bawens, Jeff, 2014). If you experienced those symptoms of depression, then go to a doctor and ask for help. Doctors can also recognize if there are health problems or medical causes that can trigger depression like illnesses, genetic causes, and addiction to drugs or alcohols. Illnesses like anxiety disorder can cause you depression because it is a mental disorder and the feeling of worry and fear are constant. Genetics can also cause depression because if someone in your family that is your first degree relative who has depression and left untreated, it has a greater chance that you can suffer depression. It can also pass through your blood or genes. However, most of the people who have depression is not because of family history. Addiction to drugs can also cause depression because of its side effects. Taking drugs or even drinking alcohol won’t help you overcome depression but rather it will worsen it. Maybe when you’re taking or drinking alcohol you’ll forget your problems but af ter that, you’ll think of your problem again. You’re just wasting your time and even your money (Serendipitee, Bawens, Jeff, 2014). If you consulted your doctor and you have decided that you will take, or won’t take any prescription drugs, it is better to search also for a cause that makes you depress, so that you can be alert to prevent those events happen in your life. Here are some events that can worsen your depression: having a fail romantic relationship, trouble in one member of your family, failure on your courses, feeling unhappy and worthless on your job, feeling uncomfortable with your environment, and having financial difficulties. Having a conflict with your partner or with one member of your family can cause depression because you’re not okay. You’re throwing words that can hurt each other. You’re angry that’s why, negative thoughts lead you’re fight. You don’t think about the better way for you to be okay but rather, you think of thoughts that deepen your fight. Pride of each other overrules. Until it came to the point that you hurt each other physica lly and emotionally. After the fight, you’ll remember all the things that your partner or family member did and said, and you’ll feel so down, insulted, bad and you think of negative thoughts like he/she will break me up, we won’t see each other again and he/she might find other better than me. It is usually happening that after the fight, you don’t have communication, but not permanently, and that is added to cause you depression because you’re going to miss him/her and be worried. Failure on your courses can cause depression because the idea of failing is hard to accept. You’ll think that your parents will be angry at you and then you might start comparing yourself to others that pass the course. You’ll feel weak, sad, down and worthless. You might lose your interest in studying and start rebelling. It is also the same if you feel worthless on your job. Experiencing financial difficulties can cause depression because you’re h aving problems in terms of money. Financial problem is the major stressor in our life. And all of us believe that, money is so important in our lives. If you don’t have enough money, you can’t support your basic needs and you can also stop schooling. And it is literally a big impact in our lives. It can also make you stress because of the deadline payment of bills, if you fail on paying it, you’ll have no supply of electricity and water. The demand of the lender wherein you borrow money can also make you stress, if you don’t pay on its due date, you’ll have a bad record and maybe he/she won’t lend money to you again. It can ruin your life and you’ll feel so weak, bad, down, and sometimes, others think of suicide (Beyondblue, n.d.). Styron begins his story in October 1985 when he flies to  Paris  to receive the prestigious  Prix mondial Cino Del Duca. During this trip, the writers mental state begins to deteriorate rapidly. Using a mix of anecdotes, speculation, and reportage, Styron reflects on the causes and effects of depression, drawing links between his own illness and that of other writers such as  Randall Jarrell,Albert Camus,Romain Gary, and  Primo Levi, as well as U.S. President Abraham Lincoln  and activist  Abbie Hoffman. Styron connects the onset of his depression with his sudden termination of his lifelong alcohol use, and argues that his condition was likely exacerbated by careless prescription of the drug  Halcion. His depression culminated in a bout of intense suicidal ideation (though he never made an actual suicide attempt), which led to hospitalization and recovery (Styron, 1990). PARAPHRASE You can write in a journal. Writing in a journal can have peace in your mind. You can write anything about what happen that day. Your journal can be your best friend and listener. You can open what you feel in your journal. But it is better that you’ll write down positive things, so that you’ll never think of negative things. You can also monitor your recovery throughout depression. You can also reflect your improvements in every day (Kloopers, n.d.). Improving your life Improving your life is the second major step to overcome depression. You need to implement some drastic changes. Create a positive atmosphere in your life and start to forget all the negative and undesirable events out of your life. Get rid of unhealthy relationships for you to stop making feel worse. Have a serious talk to your enemy, say all you want to say, let your anger and hatred come out but don’t let them to lead your conversation.. You need to do this so that, there are no bad feelings build in your heart. If you seriously hate your career and studies, it’s time to find and follow what you want. If you can’t stand in your environment with your enemy, find a new place to live (Serendipitee, Bawens, Jeff, 2014). You can also maintain a busy schedule. Keeping yourself busy is also an effective way of overcoming depression so that, you’ll forget things that can make you depress. Distract yourself from overthinking and start to do what you love the most. Entertain yourself. Stay focus on your goals and on what you’re doing. Find a new passion or hobby, so you can have a reason why you wake up each morning. Be active in organizations. Spend time with people who makes you happy. Be generous in helping others because it can increase your self-worth (Kloopers, n.d.). You also need to maintain healthy relationships among your friends and family because it is important. They will help you to cope up with your depression. They will make you feel their unconditional love and priceless support. They are always beside you no matter what happens, that’s why keep in touch with them. Spend time hanging out with them. Have some social interaction. Talk to your most trusted person and open to her your feelings. You can also engage in some social organization, so that you’ll meet new friends and to prevent the sense of isolation. If you know someone that is also suffering from depression, give them advice, help them to get rid of depression and encourage them to follow the steps you’re facing on then think positively (Smith, Saisan, Segal, 2014). Developing healthier habit Developing healthier habit is the last major step to overcome depression. You need to improve your sleeping habits because, it can make a big improvement on your mental health. Getting enough sleep is healthy for our body. Train yourself to start going to bed early and waking up at the same time every day and night. Avoid taking naps longer than an hour because, it can make you feel more tired and make you harder to fall asleep. Avoid also sleeping less than 8 hours because it will lose your energy and you can’t think normally. You’ll have problem in making decisions. Limit food or drinks that contains caffeine because, it will make you harder to fall asleep. Exercise can also help you to fall asleep faster if you finish it at a right time (Healthysleep, 2007). You also need to have regular exercise daily because, it will increase your energy level and decrease the feeling of fatigue. Have a 30 minutes exercise every day and it can have a positive effect on your mood. It doesn’t mean that if you exercise you need to go to a gym a find an instructor. Be practical, just by having a walk and jog every morning is an exercise already. Exercise can also be a hobby or it can be a reason why you are busy. You’ll not just escape from depression but, you can also have a beautiful body figure and be stronger physically (Borchard, 2009). You also need to improve your diet because, it will help you feel less depressed and actively perform your tasks. What you eat has an impact on the way you feel. Don’t skip meals, so that you won’t easily get irritable. If you’re hungry, you’re tired on doing tasks and you’re having a bad mood most of the time. While if you’re fully loaded, you’ll have energy in performing tasks and don’t have a reason to be devastated. Add more fruits and vegetables into your diet, so that it can boost your mood and because it is nutritious. Eat three healthy and balanced meals a day (WebMD, 2005). Challenge negative thinking. If people are negative thinker, they see the world in a negative way. You can’t think right and ignore all the positive things and focus on the negative ones. And when negative people fail, they blame, down themselves and think that it will hold forever. Thinking negative won’t help you, but rather, it can add to your depression. It will be harder for you to recover from depression if you let your negative thoughts surrounds your life. Just think positive and don’t believe to your negative thoughts. This can help you overcome depression and remove the sense of negativity out of your mind (Uy, 2014). References Barbee, J. (1998). Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. Retrieved from Mxed Symptoms and Syndromes of anxiety and depression: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and etiologic issues: www.adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/depression Beyondblue. (n.d.). Retrieved from What causes depression?: www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/depression/what-causes-depression Borchard, T. J. (2009). Psych Central. Retrieved from 6 steps for beating depression: psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2009/07/09/6-steps-for-beating-depression/ Buckner, D. (2014). Depression: Statistics, Causes, Signs Symptoms. Retrieved from The Refuge, A Healing Place: www.therefuge-ahealingplace.com/depression-treatment/effects-symptoms-signs Dickstein, M. (2009). Dancing in the Dark: A Great Depression. New York: W.W. Norton Co. Frank, A., Roosevelt, E., Doubleday, M. (1993). The Diary of a Young Girl. Amsterdam: Bantam. Goldberg, J. (2014). Depression Health Center. Retrieved from WebMD: www.webmd.com/depression/understanding-depression-symptoms Grohol, J. M. (2013). An Introduction to Depression. Retrieved from PsychCentral: psychcentral.com/lib/an-introduction-to-depression Healthysleep. (2007). Retrieved from Twelve simple tips to improve your sleep: healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/getting/overcoming/tips Kenny, D. T. (2014). Depression. Retrieved from Patient.co.uk: www.patient.co.uk/health/depression-leaflet Kloopers, M. (n.d.). Lifehack. Retrieved from Fifteen simple ways to overcome depression and sadness: www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/fifteen-simple-ways-overcome-depression-and-sadness.html Lauren, K. (2013). Teardrop. New York: Delacorte Press. Nordqvist, C. (2003). What is depression? What causes depression? Retrieved from MNT Knowledge Center: www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8933.php Orwell, G. (1950). 1984. London, England: Signet Classics. Paterson, K. (1996). Bridge to Terabithia. Virginia: Trumpet Club Special Edition. Serendipitee, Bawens, D., Jeff. (2014). wikiHow. Retrieved from How to overcome depression: www.wikihow.com/Overcome-Depression Smith, M., Saisan, J., Segal, J. (2014). HelpGuide.org. Retrieved from Depression Symptoms and Warning Signs: www.helpguide.org/articles/depression/depression-signs-and-symptoms.htm Staff, M. C. (2014). Treatment and Drugs. Retrieved from Depression (major depressive disorder): www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/basics/treatment/con20032977 Styron, W. (1990). Darkness Visible. United States: Random House. Team, H. E. (2013). Signs of Depression. Retrieved from Healthline: www.healthline.com/health/depression/recognizing-symptoms#Overview1 Team, T. H. (2013). What do you want to know about depression? Retrieved from Healthline: www.healthline.com/health/depression Uy, M. (2014). 10 Tips to overcome negative thoughts: Positive thinking made easy. Retrieved from Tiny buddha: http://tinybuddha.com/blog/10-tips-to-overcome-negative-thoughts-positive-thinking-made-easy/ WebMD. (2005). Retrieved from Depression and diet: www.webmd.com/depression/guide/diet-recovery?page=3

God and Man in Homer’s Iliad, Virgil’s Aeneid, and Dante’s Inferno Essa

God and Man in Homer’s Iliad, Virgil’s Aeneid, and Dante’s Inferno The truest of man’s goals is to create art. Art is a by-product of the gift of man over the animals, creativity. Truly, creativity is a replication of God in man and a very possible interpretation of the Genesis 1:27 phrase â€Å"in his own image,† along with others—the possession of an immortal soul or the ability to speak. And creativity’s ultimate end product is art. And art more often than not in the history of man has led man to pay homage to his creator. Three of the classic literary artistic works of mankind, Homer’s Iliad, Virgil’s Aeneid, and Dante’s Inferno, feature—if not focus—on the deity or deities of the respective authors and their relation to the characters of the story in the interaction between the two and the worship practices of the characters. Although religion in general can and does serve simply as background material in a work, in most if not all literary works the inclusion of a divine being as a character is so that he or she can interact with the other, non-divine, characters. A story where Apollo is present but unimportant is not traditional at all (that is to say, it is foreseeably possible, but difficult and therefore not likely, especially in a non-modern work). In the Iliad, Homer presents some of the Greek pantheon—Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Thetis, et al—and their purpose is interaction with the human characters—Achilles, Hector, and others—but this is expected and obvious to any reader. The notability of the relations is the ease of them. Thetis is the mother of Achilles, she a god, he mortal. Athena is on the side of Achilles, and fools Hector in he and Achilles’ final battle (Il. 22). But these are common in the world of the Iliad;... ...ity. New York: Columbia UP, 1974. Grayson, Cecil, ed. The World of Dante. London: Oxford, 1982. Homer. The Iliad. Trans. Robert Fagles. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 6th ed. Vol. 1. Ed. Maynard Mack, Bernard M. W. Knox, John C. McGalliard, P. M. Pasinetti, Howard E. Hugo, Patricia Meyer Spacks, Renà © Wellek, Kenneth Douglas, Sarah Lawall. New York: Norton, 1992. 98-208. Jebb, R. C. Homer: An Introduction to the Iliad and the Odyssey. Port Washington, Slatkin, Laura M. The Power of Thetis. Berkeley: U of California P, 1995. Virgil. The Aeneid. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 6th ed. Vol. 1. Ed. Maynard Mack, Bernard M. W. Knox, John C. McGalliard, P. M. Pasinetti, Howard E. Hugo, Patricia Meyer Spacks, Renà © Wellek, Kenneth Douglas, Sarah Lawall. New York: Norton, 1992. 98-208. NY: Kennikat Press, 1969.

Virginia Woolf Essay -- essays papers

An Author’s Brush Virginia Woolf is not unlike any other truly good artist: her writing is vague, her expression can be inhibited, and much of her work is up to interpretation from the spectator. Jacob’s Room is one of her novels that can be hard to digest, but this is where the beauty of the story can be found. It is not written in the blatant style of the authors before her chose and even writers today mimic, but rather Jacob’s Room appears more like a written painting than a book. It is as if Woolf appeared tired and bored of the black and white style of writing that dominated her culture and chose to use a paintbrush to write her story. This individualistic technique is essential to how Woolf creates a portrait of Jacob, the title character of the novel. The portrait the reader gets of Jacob is entirely questionable throughout the entire story, just like any understanding of a human in life is more about opinion than fact. This is how Woolf captures life, the reader’s view of Jacob is almost completely based on interpretations from other characters. These various assessments of Jacob form together to make the collective portrait of Jacob. Woolf states that â€Å"Multiplicity becomes unity, which somehow the secret of life† (147), the secret of the novel as well. The impressions of Jacob are from many different types of characters in the book. There are random people that we don’t even get the name of, Jacob’s own mother, those that love Jacob and even those whom Jacob love. All these impressions are woven on a common thread, that all human being’s have a need to break isolation and cherish attention, love and concreteness. Jacob’s mother, Betty Flanders, sets up her portrait of Jacob as a son that she has lost. Betty Fland... ...s less a true depiction of Jacob himself, but rather the people that tried to interpret him. Jacob's Room is not finally about Jacob, but about the world that forms him. Trying to understand Jacob is task that is just as difficult as finding a place for his empty shoes, at best those who felt closest to Jacob were just observers of his life, â€Å"observer(s)...choked with observations† (75). The portrait of Jacob created from the novel is less a portrait and more like a â€Å"cavern of mystery, endowing Jacob Flanders with all sorts of qualities he had not at all† (80). Our portrait of Jacob is painted to us by Virginia Woolf about the dubiety, skepticism and wonder over true human existence and if it is at all possible to achievew it. Jacob’s own room is exactly that, something so real and physical that is at the same time departed and lifeless. Bibliography:

Factors Contributing To The Energy Balance Environmental Sciences Essay

The Earth is a physical system working a changeless symbiotic relationship with the Sun in keeping the energy balance. Ideally the planet resides in equilibrium, being that the addition of incoming energy from the Sun is equal to the loss of surpassing energy from the Earth. However, over the past 400 old ages at that place are definite fluctuations in the energy balance due to a figure of human and natural factors. The top of the ambiance represents the barrier of which most of the energy base on ballss, the composing of the Earth ‘s ambiance plays a critical function in the changing energy budget as semisynthetic pollution and green-house gas emanations alter the sum of energy entrance and go outing the Earth ‘s ambiance. Other more natural factors such as the fluctuation in the Earth ‘s orbit and fluctuations in ocean circulation besides contribute in changing energy budgets. Following this will be a comprehensive rating of how different homo and natural factors contribute to fluctuations in the energy balance of the Earth over the past 400 old ages. components2.gifFigure1 Figure1, taken from the NASA web site, represents a simplified diagram of the how incoming solar energy enters the ambiance and is dispersed on it ‘s journey to the Earth ‘s surface, accordingly how energy is reflected back to the upper ambiance. Table1: Earth ‘s additions and losingss of radiationEarth ‘s SurfaceAdditionsLosingss51 Visible from Sun 7 Conduction, Convection 96 IR from atmosphere 23 Vaporization 117 IR radiationcyberspace: 147cyberspace: 147Table1 shows the per centum of the radiation going into and off from the Earth. As shown in the tabular array the net radiation, although equal, do non add up to 100 % and this is because nursery gases trap radiation hence doing the temperature addition. tsi_vs_temp.gifFigure2 Obviously depicted in figure2 the planetary temperature shows a important addition during the early twentieth century. This addition in temperature is frequently related to a widespread happening, which poses a menace to society and the environment, known as planetary heating. Global heating is a human-induced phenomenon that affects the planet in many ways ; in relevancy to this try the chief focal point will center upon how planetary heating influences the energy balance. â€Å" Analyzing the yesteryear can potentially inform our apprehension of what the hereafter may keep, † said Michael Mann, Professor of weather forecasting, Penn State. With that said, many have researched on the addition in planetary heating following a timeline and the consequences were amazing. By the early twentieth century there has been an dismaying addition in planetary temperatures due to an addition of green house gases into the atmosphere chiefly stemming from semisynthetic pollution from auto fumess and mills to call a few wrongdoers. An unnaturally produced chemical CFC ; a end point from human activities such as transit, constructing warming and chilling, the industry of cement and other goods, when released to the ambiance thins the ozone bed leting harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun to come in the ambiance hence by and large increasing the atmospheric temperature. The nursery gasses ; methane, C dioxide, and azotic oxide, which increases in concentrati on due to the combustion of fossil fuels absorb infrared radiation ensuing once more in an addition in temperature, ergo planetary heating partly constitutes in the acute addition in the energy budget showed by the important addition ( figure2 ) in the beginning of the twentieth century. On a more natural note maculas may besides lend in the Earth ‘s changing energy budget. Recent satellite measurings of solar brightness, analyzed by Willson ( 1997 ) show an addition from the old rhythm of macula activity to the current one, bespeaking that the Earth is having more energy from the Sun. Willson predicts that if the current rate of addition of solar irradiance continues in this form until the mid twenty-first century, the surface temperatures will increase by about 0.5i‚ °C. This is little, but non a negligible fraction of the expected nursery warming. A Which in the larger image poses as a factor to the addition in the energy balance. figpredic24-1.jpg Figure3: Showing the sun topographic point activity in given old ages. Bottom diagram with a predicted increased as proposed by Wilson. The Albedo Effect is a polar component in the contemplation and soaking up of radiation, because of this land screen is one finding factor in the energy balance. Since the industrial revolution human activities have altered the nature of land screen around the Earth, chiefly through croplands, grazing lands and woods. These human constructed landforms modify the brooding belongingss of ice and snow, which makes it more likely for an addition in solar radiation to be reflected from the Earth ‘s surface, therefore a negative forcing as an addition of energy is forced out. Earthshine_2004.gifFigure4: Albedo anomalousnesss reconstructed from ISCCP orbiter informations ( black ) andA Earthshine-observed reflective power anomalousnesss ( blue ) . The right manus perpendicular graduated table shows negative radiative forcing ( eg – chilling ) ( Palle 2004 ) . Articles that focus on the overarching scientific discipline precedences of the EOS Terra mission emphasis that when flora is cleared from land surfaces ( such as in deforestation or agricultural combustion ) , the bare surface reflects more sunlight back to infinite and there is a net chilling consequence. But, there is besides a counter productive nursery gas consequence that comes from deforestation and biomass burning-the release of C dioxide, every bit good as riddance of flora that would otherwise absorb C dioxide from the ambiance during photosynthesis. While deforestation/reforestation may take topographic point on one-year to decadal clip graduated tables, the life-time of C dioxide in the ambiance is 50 to more than 100 old ages. Consequently, the solar coefficient of reflection chilling and nursery gas warming due to biomass firing take topographic point at really different clip graduated tables, taking to an initial chilling followed subsequently by a warming tendency. Some human activities may lend in positive radiative forcing for case with aircrafts. Aircrafts produce a relentless additive trail of condensation, which appears as condensation trails that signifier cirrhus clouds of which reflects solar radiation and absorb infrared radiation. Linear condensation trails from planetary aircraft operations have increased Earth ‘s cloud cover and are estimated to do a little positive radiative forcing. Variations of clime over the past 500,000 old ages have been analyzed from fluctuations in the composing of deposits at different deepnesss below the bed of the Indian Ocean. ( Pittock 1978 ) A complementary cause as suggested by Linacre and Geerts ( 2002, 2003 ) might be the fluctuation of Sun/Earth distance ( due to the Earth ‘s orbit ) impacting the Sun ‘s gravitative pull on the swirling of the Earth ‘s liquid, magnetic nucleus. The resulting alterations in the Earth ‘s magnetic attraction would change our ambiance ‘s susceptibleness to the solar air current of charged atoms from the Sun. This change of susceptibleness is necessarily another of course induced factor for the changing energy balance as this gravitative pull occurs in different timeframes. Henrik Svensmark from Danish National Space Institute, says that cosmic radiation may impact cloud formation, which, in bend, affects the Earth ‘s energy balance. Variations in cosmic radiation can be big and rapid. He has analysed in item some events with particularly rapid and big decreases in cosmic radiation, and saw that cloud formation in these events well lessenings, but with a hold of 5-6 yearss. Cosmic radiation at nowadays is remarkably high, and will likely shortly diminish. If the theory is right, this should be followed by decreased cloud formation globally. The planetary temperature should besides diminish, since clouds are considered to hold a greater retarding consequence on the Earth ‘s long moving ridge outward radiation than they have on the incoming short moving ridge radiation. ( Nohrstedt, 2006 ) Therefore making a positive forcing. Aerosol atoms influence radiative forcing straight through contemplation and soaking up of solar and infrared radiation in the ambiance. Some aerosols cause a positive forcing while others cause a negative forcing. The direct radiative forcing summed over all aerosol types is negative. Aerosols besides cause a negative radiative forcing indirectly through the alterations they cause in cloud belongingss. The most dramatic alteration in aerosol-produced coefficient of reflection comes when major volcanic eruptions eject material really high into the ambiance. Rain typically clears aerosols out of the ambiance in a hebdomad or two, but when stuff from a violent volcanic eruption is projected far above the highest cloud, these aerosols typically influence the clime for about a twelvemonth or two before falling into the troposphere and being carried to the surface by precipitation. Major volcanic eruptions can therefore do a bead in average planetary surface temperature of about half a de gree Celsius that can last for months or even old ages. This of class contributing as a natural factor in the changing energy balance as volcanic eruptions occur at different clip periods. Water vapor is the most abundant nursery gas, and is by far the most powerful absorber of infrared radiation. As a consequence it is responsible for most of the Earth ‘s natural nursery consequence. Therefore the addition of planetary heating can non be entirely blamed on human activities, as human emanations are minuscule compared to the vaporization of oceans, which take up about 70 % of the Earth ‘s surface. With an addition in planetary heating leads to an addition in the soaking up of radiation which in bend leads to an addition in the energy budget. Fig_9.2_Temperature_changes_relative_to_the_corresponding_average_for_1901-1950.jpg Figure5: Temperature alterations relative to the corresponding norm for 1901-1950 ( A °C ) from decennary to decennary from 1906 to 2005 over the Earth ‘s continents, every bit good as the full Earth, planetary land country and the planetary ocean ( Beginning: IPCC 2007 ) Therefore in decision the fluctuations in the energy balance of the Earth over the last 400 old ages have seen an addition as contributed by both natural and human factors. Different factors have different impacts on the energy balance as discussed in this essay. The negative and positive radiative forcings have to be taken into history, as properties of the different factors, both human and natural, in order to understand the root of the chemical and physical alterations that modify the radiation transportation entrance and surpassing from the Earth ‘s surface which necessarily leads to a changing energy budget over the past centuries.

Humanities and Academic Disciplines Essay

Do you know what your human condition is? If this is a question that you have ever asked yourself then you might have heard of humanities. â€Å"Humanities are academic disciplines that study the human conditions, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural science. † Wikipedia. (n. d. ). Looking further into humanities we are able to better understand ancient and modern languages, literature, law and history, just to name a few, a whole lot better. Distinguishing the difference between humanities vs. other modes of human inquiry and expression are simply put that humanities are the study of the humans action and reaction to different areas mentioned above, were as other methods can include the study of science and math as it relates to the items mentioned above. Art for example in an area of study is widely considered in the humanities for the creative nature that one has to have to create â€Å"art†. First we have the history of art, then drawing, painting and so on. This is an interesting topic when dealing with humanities. Some say that it is pure talent and enjoyment when it comes to art. Other say that it is something that has to be done very precise and thought out, then and only then is something considered art. Music is also a big topic when it comes to humanities. Like art it depends on the person when it comes to humanities. One might think that music is a way of expression or a form of speaking. Were as others might take music to the extreme and feel like they have to hit every note at the exact same pitch every time or sing every word is the same tone every time to be precise. Like a math equation, it must equal out to be the same every time or it will not work. Another topic that we need to discuss is literature. At its broadest, it can mean any sequence of words that has been saved for the spread in some form or an other, often it is used to Humanities 3 show the creativeness or imaginative works such as stories, poems, and skits. It is also used for the use if items that are of great significance and in need of reward. Shakespeare had literature mastered at his prime and was able to express his love for plays and life through his writings. It  takes much talent to express yourself or something in the way that you intended it to come Architecture is a great way for one to fully express themselves or share with millions the way they are feeling or their creativeness. By constructing any type of building for the whole world to see is a bold statement that should not be taken lightly or given only a few moments thought. Yes, it does require great mathematical skill to be able to construct wonderful buildings but it also take a very creative mind, a mind willing to be open and free to new ideas and procedures, to try new things. One might argue that architecture is purely the use or mathematics or geometry, but the bases of build something comes from deep within. Now philosophy which is â€Å"investigation of the nature, causes, or principles of reality, knowledge, or values, based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods† Answer. com. (2011) is definitely something that has to do with the study of humanities and how the human nature reacts to such behaviors. It needs to be purely creative to even begin starting In the world today there are many topics that we are able to discuss about the relations of humanities. Given the few examples that we have discussed we are able to see that the relation between humanities and other human inquiries are very well defined. We now know that humanities are the study of academic disciplines that study the human conditions. I firmly believe the humanities are great increased based on a right or left brained person. It takes great creativity to come up with new laws, build an architectural beautiful building or create music Humanities 4 that is pleasing to its listeners. The humanities are an essential thing to help us visualize the study of academic disciplines.